Additional bibliograhy: Comic Book Artist (Twomorrows, 1998 series) #1 (Spring 1998); Comic Book Marketplace (Gary Carter, 1991 Series) v1#16 (August 1992) [obituary]; Comic Book Marketplace (Gemstone, 1995 Series) v2#80 (July-August 2000); Comics Journal (Fantagraphics, 1977 series) #81 (May 1983); Comics Journal (Fantagraphics, 1977 series) #100 (July 1985); Jester (July 1992) [obituary]; MAD World of William M. Gaines (Bantam Books) 1972; World Encyclopedia of Comics (Chelsea House Publishers) 1976; World Encyclopedia of Comics (Chelsea House) 1998; Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gaines; Internet Movie Database: https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0301362/; New York Times, "William Gaines, Publisher of Mad Magazine Since '52, Is Dead at 70" by James Barron, June 4, 1992, Section B, Page 11; and Washington Post, "Publisher William M. Gaines Dies" by Claudia Levy, June 4, 1992. Gaines worked in support as a business consultant to DC from circa 1972 to circa 1992. Gaines was publisher and editor in chief of EC Comics from 1947 to 1955. He owned EC from 1947 until he sold his remaining magazine, Mad, to Premiere Industries in 1961.